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OFFICE OF PUBLIC INFORMATION
JET PROPULSION LABORATORY
**
CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
PASADENA, CALIFORNIA. TELEPHONE (213) 354-5Oll
FOR RELEASE TUESDAY, APRIL 13, 1976
Martian dust storms are very much like the severe
ones on
Earth--"only more so," a Jet Propulsion Laboratory planetary
scientist
says.
The towering storms which obscured Mars' southern
hemisphere
in 1971 appear to have been triggered by the same mechanism
which
kicks up giant dust clouds on Earth in winter and
spring--polar
air sweeping down onto a warmer mountain slope, basin or
plain.
Peter M. Woiceshyn of JPL reported this finding
after a two-
year comparative study of Martian and Earth dust storm data.
He said
Martian storms, particularly in the Hellas area, are "quite
similar" m*
to some in the arid regions of Russia, Persia, the high
plains of
the United States, and the Arizona and Sahara deserts.
The JPL investigator used Lowell Observatory data
on a
July l9, 1971, Martian dust storm to determine that a wall of
dust
over 3O miles high (5O kilometers) swept down the west slopes
of
Hellas at speeds greater than 3OO miles per hour. Mariner 9
radio î
occultation data provided by Dr. Arvidas J. Kliore, also of
JPL,
verified that such high-velocity winds would be required to
raise
surface dust in Mars' low atmospheric pressure.
(Air density on Mars is only l/lOOth that on Earth.
Mariner 9
is the unmanned spacecraft laboratory which JPL sent to orbit
Mars in
197O-71 for the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration.)
-more-
-2-
When Mariner 9 arrived in November, 1971, a second
dust storm
had been in progress several weeks. Dust cloud tops were
estimated by
Mariner 9 experimenters at heights of 5O to 7O kilometers (3O
to
40 miles) above the surface.
In their joint written report, Woiceshyn and Kliore
said the
two 1971 storms (and another in 1956) began in the same
location on
Hellas slopes and apparently were triggered by a cold jet
stream
from the Martian north pole, funneling down a long valley
across
the planet's equator.
î Hellas extends from about 65 degrees to 3O degrees
south lat-
itude on Mars. Its long sloping topography is a strong
factor in
producing giant dusters--the bottom of the Hellas basin lying
8 km
(5 miles) lower than the highest rim of the surrounding
mountains.
"The gravity flow produced from cold air streaming
over the
top of a mountain ridge is like a combination of a waterfall
and a
tidal wave," Woiceshyn told members of the Division of
planetary
Sciences of the American Astronomical Society in Austin,
Tex.,
March 3O. He will make a further report at the annual spring
meeting of the American Geophysical Union April 11 in
Washington,
D.C.
Such a frigid air cascade over a mountain barrier
onto a
slope and plain is known to meteorologists as a bora, or
norther.
The best Earth examples, Woiceshyn points out, are found in
Russia,
where polar winds sweep the steppes; in the mountain-ringed
valleys
of Persia, and to some extent on the U.S. plains just east of
the
Rockies.
Typical dust storms on these plains have been
reported to
reach heights of more than 2O,OOO feet, with winds near the
surface î
-more-
-3-
ranging from 6O to lOO miles per hour. A recent (March 19)
dust storm
obscured the Colorado-Kansas border region, whipped by 8O to
lOO mph
winds.
Data from Project Dustorm (cq), organized by the
Aerosol
Project Group and headed by Dr. Ed Danielsen of the National
Center for
Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colo., is now being analyzed
to determine
the soil erosion damage caused by severe dusters in this
country and
around the world.
The most intense and dangerous storms on Earth have
occurred
during prolonged periods of drought, such as the early 193Os
in the U.S.
dustbowl area. In Russia winds of a prolonged 1928 storm
raised more
than 15 million tons of black earth dust from an area of 25O
million
acres, according to Woiceshyn's research.
Similar erosion is caused by the heavy winds on
Mars, too, *!
Mariner 9 revealed. And there were indications other factors
may be at
work on the Red Planet.
The yellow cast of the Mars' dust clouds gave them
the appear-
îance of so-called desert dusters, known as haboobs (Arabic
for wild
winds). Haboobs are the dust-laden gusts which occasionally
cool
Sahara and Arizona desert regions during the summer. But
there is
no firm proof yet that the right conditions exist to produce
that
type of storm on Mars.
However, more conclusive data on Martian storms
could be pro-
vided in the coming year by the two 1976 Viking soacecraft
and their
landers. Viking I arrives at Mars in mid-June and drops its
lander on
-more-
-4-
or about July 4. Viking II reaches Mars in mid-August, with
lander
descendinq about Sept. 4.
The Woiceshyn-Kliore study was sponsored by NASA's
Office
of Space Science. Caltech operates JPL for NASA.
# # # # #
BB--4/6/76